Three-Dimensional Reconstruction in Echocardiography

Abstract

Three-dimensional reconstruction in echocardiography has progressed significantly over recent years. From the early static, wireframe images laboriously hand-digitized into complex computer systems with elegant software, the field has moved rapidly toward broad applicability within cardiology, using increasingly understandable, noninvasive technology. Spatially contiguous data acquisition has been simplified by the development of computer-controlled, gated, rotational imaging systems that are well suited for use in both adults and children, especially patients with very good transthoracic or subcostal echo windows. Image data compression algorithms and powerful personal computer-based work stations have automated many of the tasks and decreased the time required to process the data. The manipulation of cut planes to develop viewing perspectives and the application of segmentation and shading processes has been refined gradually such that the dynamic reconstruction of complex variations of congenital heart disease with high resolution is now possible. This paper reviews the recent advances in the development and application of three-dimensional echo reconstruction as they relate to congenital heart disease. Current technology and terminology are discussed. Specific applications of three-dimensional reconstruction to variations of congenital heart disease are reviewed. Finally, the authors speculate on the future directions and developments of three-dimensional echo.