Abstract
Devices for wireless sensor networks (WSN) are limited by power, and thus, routing protocols should be designed with this constraint in mind. WSNs are used in three-dimensional (3D) scenarios such as the surface of sea or lands with different levels of height. This paper presents and evaluates the Three-Dimensional Position-Based Adaptive Real-Time Routing Protocol (3DPBARP) as a novel, real-time, position-based and energy-efficient routing protocol for WSNs. 3DPBARP is a lightweight protocol that reduces the number of nodes which receive the radio frequency (RF) signal using a novel parent forwarding region (PFR) algorithm. 3DPBARP as a Geographical Routing Protocol (GRP) reduces the number of forwarding nodes and thus the traffic and packet collision in the network. A series of performance evaluations through MATLAB and Omnet++ simulations show significant improvements in network performance parameters and total energy consumption over the 3D Position-Based Routing Protocol (3DPBRP) and Directed Flooding Routing Protocol (DFRP).
Highlights
The main duty of a wireless sensor network (WSN) as a distributed computing network is collecting data from a large number of nodes that have the capacity to sense the environment and process data and communicate over a short range
Omnet++ has been used as a WSN simulator, and MATLAB has been used for simulating the energy model
The results show that 3DPBARP has better performance than 3D Position-Based Routing Protocol (3DPBRP) and Directed Flooding Routing Protocol (DFRP) in terms of packet delivery delay. 3DPBARP has delivered on average about 35 % of packets in less than 20 ms compared to 3DPBRP which delivered about 26 %
Summary
The main duty of a wireless sensor network (WSN) as a distributed computing network is collecting data from a large number of nodes that have the capacity to sense the environment and process data and communicate over a short range. The proposed protocol uses unique restricted parent forwarding regions (PFRs) based on the algorithm that limits the number of nodes that receive the packets It decreases the radio frequency (RF) range to the minimum to cover the nodes’ parent only, and for this reason, other nodes do not consume energy to receive the signal and retransmit them. The disadvantages of GRPs are the cost of additional hardware and the accuracy of location determination which depends on the mechanism and techniques whether the location of each node is calculated Some techniques such as radio ranging have less accuracy, and some techniques such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) have more accuracy [9,10,11]
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