Abstract
Due to its large electric capacity, silicon has become one of the most promising electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. However, silicon undergoes large volumetric expansion and material stiffness reduction during the charging process. This can lead to fracture and failure of lithium-ion batteries. Damage formation and evolution inside the electrode are influenced by the lithium ion concentration and electrode material. High stress gradients induced by heterogeneous deformation can lead to massive migration of lithium ions towards high geometrical singularity regions, such as crack edge regions, which increases the lithium ion concentration. Fully coupled mechanical diffusion equations are important in describing the mechanics of this problem. In this study, the three-dimensional peridynamic theory is presented to solve the coupled field problem. In addition, the newly developed peridynamic differential operator concept is utilized to convert partial differential equations into peridynamic form for the diffusion equation. Spherical and cylindrical shaped energy storage structures with different pre-existing penny-shaped cracks are considered to demonstrate the capability of the developed framework. It is shown that peridynamic theory is a suitable tool for predicting crack evolution during the lithiation process.
Highlights
In the marine industry, traditional propulsion systems with internal combustion engines cannot match the increasing strict standards for waste gas emissions (MARPOL Annex VI) [1].the hybrid propulsion system, as an alternative approach to marine propulsion systems, has become popular in the shipping industry
In many commercial grade lithium ion batteries, graphitic carbon is the main component of the anode material due to its low expansion induced by lithiation during battery charging [4]
An extensive number of studies about fracture mechanics based on classic continuum mechanics (CCM) can be found in the literature
Summary
Traditional propulsion systems with internal combustion engines cannot match the increasing strict standards for waste gas emissions (MARPOL Annex VI) [1]. Carbon nanotubes are tubular forms of graphite sheet with high conductivity, high tensile strength, high rigidity and low density They increase the electric capacity of carbon by up to around 600 mAhg−1 without damage or pulverization. Gao and Zhou [18] applied the FEM and the J-integral method to study the softening effect during the lithiation process They captured the high lithium ion concentration at crack tip regions during the charging process, leading to relaxation of hydrostatic stress in later diffusion process. Ryu et al [8] concluded that silicon nanowires with diameters smaller than 300 nm will not fail during battery cycling, even pre-damaged nanowires Due to their large pressure gradient and large volume expansion, lithium ions can rapidly diffuse into silicon nanowires. To demonstrate the capability of the model, the fracture evolution inside the cylindrical and spherical shaped lithium ion battery anodes is presented
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