Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Convection Produced by Interacting Thunderstorm Outflows. Part I: Control Simulation and Low-Level Moisture Variations

Abstract

Abstract The Klemp–Wilhelmson three-dimensional numerical cloud model is used to investigate cloud development along intersecting thunderstorm outflow boundaries. The model initial environment is characterized by a temperature and moisture profile typically found in strong convective situations, and the initial wind field is prescribed by a constant unidirectional shear 2.9 m s−1 km−1 from 0.8 to 8.9 km, with a constant wind everywhere else. The wind shear vector is perpendicular to the line containing the two initial outflow-producing clouds (which are spaced 16 km apart and are triggered by thermal impulses centered at the top of the boundary layer). The dynamics of the outflow collision are documented using time-dependent, kinematic air parcel trajectories and thermodynamic data. We find that ambient air in the outflow collision region is literally “squeezed” out of the way as the two outflows collide. Some of this air is lifted to saturation, triggering two convective clouds. The upshear member of the...