Abstract
Three-dimensional modelling has shown its importance in many fields, including zoological systematics. It is difficult to distinguish females of Porrhomma egeria Simon, 1884 and P. campbelli F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 according to only dorsal and ventral views of the vulva. The same is true for the pair P. microps (Roewer, 1931) and P. profundum Dahl, 1939. A caudal view is necessary to distinguish the vulvae of these species pairs. A 3D model combines all important views of the female genitalia (ventral, dorsal, lateral and caudal) into a single unit.
Highlights
Female genitalia The female genitalia usually consist of sclerotized plates, copulatory ducts, spermathecae and fertilisation ducts
In Porr homma, copulatory ducts start with a copulatory opening in the aperture
They continue by an ascending part above the aperture wall to the median plane, closely under the integument
Summary
The photos were montaged using CombineZP image stacking software. The photo was used as a background layer in the Inkscape Vector Drawing Program, the line drawing was prepared and the printed image was detailed by hand. A 3D model was created in Blender 3D, based on the combination of photos and line drawings. Spermathecae are brown, copulatory ducts are blue (cf Figs 1 and 2 with Fig. 4 in Růžička 2018). Female genitalia The female genitalia usually consist of sclerotized plates, copulatory ducts, spermathecae and fertilisation ducts. In Porr homma, copulatory ducts start with a copulatory opening in the aperture. The spermatheca is formed at the end of the copulatory duct. It consists of a broader main sack with a slender appendix
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