Abstract
In this study a three-dimensional finite element model was applied to simulate the process of tunnel excavation and lining installation. The emphasis was placed on the prediction of deformation and forces acting on the primary shotcrete lining during a NATM excavation in rock modelled with Mohr-Coulomb elasto-plastic material behaviour. Further investigations and development of the model were done by taking into consideration long-time behaviour of the primary support elements by decreasing the strength and stiffness parameters of the shotcrete shell and the influence on the final lining caused by this.
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