Three-dimensional interlead distance predicts response and outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy

Abstract

Approximately one-third of patients do not respond favourably to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). A longer distance between ventricular leads may improve response. To study the impact of the true three-dimensional interlead distance (ILD) on outcomes. Consecutive patients undergoing CRT device implantation were included prospectively. Interlead separation was measured from postprocedural anterior-posterior and lateral chest X-rays. The three-dimensional ILD was calculated using the Pythagorean theorem. Response to CRT was defined using a composite clinical score at 6 months. Forty-two patients were included (mean age 70±9 years; QRS duration 154±31ms; left ventricular ejection fraction 26±7%; 50% ischaemic). At 6 months, 71% of patients were considered to be responders. Responders had a significantly longer ILD (108±17 vs. 87±21mm; P=0.002). When the ILD was corrected for cardiac size, the optimal cut-off value was ≥ 0.53 for predicting response (sensitivity 83%, specificity 75%, area under the curve 0.84; P=0.0002). Similar results were obtained in a historical retrospective cohort. The use of proximal electrodes on the left ventricular lead was associated with a longer ILD in 95% of patients, compared with more distal pacing configurations. In the total cohort of 74 patients (median follow-up, 420 days), those with an indexed ILD ≥ 0.53 had a 70% reduction in risk of hospitalization for heart failure (P=0.004). Longer three-dimensional ILD corrected for cardiac size measured on chest radiographs can accurately predict response to CRT and outcomes. This simple variable may be used to identify optimal lead placement and pacing configuration during CRT implantation.