Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Patellofemoral Joint Improves Understanding of Trochlear Anatomy and Pathology and Planning of Realignment

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3-D) modeling using digital or printed models provides a unique perspective that caters to cognitive spatial ability in a way that can add to our understanding and mental representations of human anatomy. This is particularly useful in the setting of trochlear dysplasia, where the morphology of the groove can exhibit substantial variability and complexity. Using 3-D reformatted images and models, a pragmatic understanding of how morphology influences patellofemoral pathology can be gleaned. Further, this perspective facilitates cognition of what patellar tracking may look like after realignment procedures. Using 3-D modeling, concepts such as patella alta, trochlear depth, lateralization of the patellar entry point, trochlear curvature, and the presence of a proximal trochlear spur can help afford a better understanding of how trochlear anatomy may influence tracking while also providing insight as to the ideal tracking path. The use of 3-D has recently emerged as a useful tool in multiple surgical subspecialties, particularly in situations involving surgical planning or complex anatomy. Given the complexity and variation in trochlear morphology in patients with trochlear dysplasia who develop either patellar instability or focal overloading, 3-D modeling is well-suited to provide a perspective that can add to our understanding of trochlear dysplasia, and potentially even how we diagnose and treat it.