Three-dimensional effects in global acoustics

Abstract

Low-frequency ocean acoustics problems are solved in three dimensions over the entire globe. Adiabatic mode solutions are obtained at 1 Hz using the parabolic equation method by marching through both the oceans and the continents from the location of the source to the antipode. The examples indicate that azimuthal coupling can be important for global-scale problems. One of the examples illustrates the broadening of a shadow behind the Hawaiian Islands by horizontal refraction. The other examples involve sources at the locations of the sources used in the Perth–Bermuda and Heard Island experiments.