Abstract
Abstract. The smart cities that promise a sustainable future cannot be thought of independently from the spatial information infrastructure. It is very important to keep the spatial data infrastructure up-to-date for guidance and information in smart city applications (SCA). Easy and low-cost acquisition is an important factor in updating spatial data. Today, there are many measurement techniques to collecting 3-D spatial data of urban areas and land topography. On the other hand, indoor measurement and 3-D modelling techniques are used in the creation of building information modelling (BIM). In this study, measurement techniques that provide 3-D point cloud data to SCA are examined. Consequently, image based photogrammetry and dense matching methods enable low cost measurement than LiDAR based active measurement. The active 3-D measurement techniques have high accuracy especially for mid and long ranges. The LiDAR, that can be applied at day or night time, offer more opportunity to performing SCA like autonomous vehicle and robotic navigations. Nevertheless, LiDAR can only capture structure, not texture, and therefore has limits to the types of data that it can capture. The LiDAR and image based methods are complement to each other in 3-D reality capture. The 3-D measurement techniques are exploited according to SCA as alone or together.
Highlights
The rapid increase in the population and the many humanitarian needs make it difficult to meet the demands
smart city applications (SCA) are possible with geographic information system (GIS) databases where urban details are completely represented in digital environment. 3-D mobile measurement data are transferred into information systems
Terrestrial photographs are taken with amateur cameras or mobile phone cameras, and point cloud is created by SFM algorithm
Summary
The rapid increase in the population and the many humanitarian needs make it difficult to meet the demands. The geographic information system (GIS) is one of the basic structures of smart city (Li et al, 2019). SCA that include GIS and BIM integration offer more alternatives in meeting demands and performing tasks (Garramone et al, 2020). Orthophoto maps, which are obtained from high resolution aerial photographs, are the basis of geographic information systems. A BIM requires measuring the interior details and creating a 3-D model (Garramone et al, 2020). Time-of-flight (ToF) camera, terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and backpack mobile LiDAR techniques are usually used to measure building indoor details (Wang et al, 2018). Different measurement techniques are used in the creation of spatial data infrastructure of geographic information systems. 3-D point cloud acquisition methods of spatial information systems, which form the basis of smart cities, were examined and analysed
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