Abstract
Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions and their climate warming effects have triggered a global response in research and development to reduce the emissions of this harmful greenhouse gas. The use of CO2 as a feedstock for the production of value-added fuels and chemicals is a promising pathway for development of renewable energy storage and reduction of carbon emissions. Electrochemical CO2 conversion offers a promising route for value-added products. Considerable challenges still remain, limiting this technology for industrial deployment. This work reviews the latest developments in experimental and modeling studies of three-dimensional cathodes towards high-performance electrochemical reduction of CO2. The fabrication–microstructure–performance relationships of electrodes are examined from the macro- to nanoscale. Furthermore, future challenges, perspectives and recommendations for high-performance cathodes are also presented.
Highlights
The continued exploration and development of renewable technology is critical for addressing the worldwide problem of anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Among these CO2 conversion technologies, electrochemical reduction of CO2 coupled with renewably generated electricity from wind, solar, or hydroelectricity provides an attractive approach for carbon-neutral production of fuels and chemicals [7,8,9,10]
A cathode of Cu/SnOx nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotube (CNT) (Cu/SnOx–CNTs) has demonstrated enhanced catalytic performance influenced by metal/oxide interactions [213]
Summary
The continued exploration and development of renewable technology is critical for addressing the worldwide problem of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. (5) Tafel slope, derived from the plot of overpotential against the logarithm of partial CD, is an indicator for the reaction pathway and the rate-determining step All of these parameters are influenced by materials and surface properties of catalysts, architectures of electrodes, electrolytes, and operating conditions such as temperature and pressure. It has been demonstrated that C2+ selectivity could be enhanced by tuning CO2 mass transport via the catalyst layer structure, feed concentration, and flow rate of CO2 in gas-diffusion electrode electrolyzers. Catalysts are expected to simultaneously exhibit reduction of activation overpotential, product selectivity, long-term stability and cost-effectiveness, enabling the commercial implementation of electrochemical reduction of CO2. The perspectives of the present work comprise the first efforts to review the development of 3D cathodes and to provide suggestions for improving CO2 electrochemical reduction technology via nano- and microporous engineering
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