Three-dimensional bioprinting adipose tissue and mammary Organoids feasible for artificial breast structure regeneration

Abstract

Breast reconstruction is highly recommended for patients subjected to breast surgery considering its impact on mental health. Current approaches include autologous-based tissue flaps, autologous fat grafting and artificial implants, which may cause severe adverse effects, including deformity and morbidity. Recently, tissue engineering methods integrating various biomaterials and diverse stem cells for the purpose of regenrating breast structures have been vastly explored. Nonetheless, regenerating refined individualized structures by traditional tissue engineering methods remain challenging. Involving computer aided design (CAD) of micro-structures, accurate spatiotemporal control of bioink, and selective incorporation of beneficial seed cells and induced factors, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology represents an alternative solution to the encountered drawbacks. This review aims to illustrates the available manufacturing methodologies for 3D bioprinting of breast tissue, various biomaterials suitable for breast tissue regeneration, and previous approaches and designs for breast tissue regeneration. The review highlights the potential of regenerating breast adipose tissue and mammary gland using 3D bioprinting. Of note, to solve the remaining puzzles, we summarized and proposed feasible plans, which may ultimately facilitate 3D bioprinting technology as a promising breast reconstruction approach for clinical applications.