Three-Dimensional Architecture and Mechanical Properties of Bovine Bone Mixed with Autologous Platelet Liquid, Blood, or Physiological Water: An In Vitro Study.

Antonio Scarano,Giovanna Murmura,Felice Lorusso,Francesco Inchingolo,Adriano Piattelli,Tonino Traini

doi:10.3390/ijms19041230

Abstract

In recent years, several techniques and material options have been investigated and developed for bone defect repair and regeneration. The progress in studies of composite graft materials and autologous platelet-derived growth factors for bone regeneration in dentistry and their biological and biomechanical properties has improved clinical strategies and results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the three-dimensional architecture and mechanical properties of three different combinations of composite bovine graft, adding autologous platelet liquid (APL), blood, or physiological water. One experimental group for each combination of biomaterials was created. In particular, in Group I, the bovine graft was mixed with APL; in Group II, it was mixed with blood, and in Group III, the biomaterial graft was combined with physiological water. Then, the composite biomaterials were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a compression-loading test was conducted. The evaluation showed a statistical significance (p < 0.01) of the elastic regime of deformation resistance, in which the combination of APL with bone graft resulted in an 875% increase in the mechanical resistance. The protocol of APL mixed with bovine bone graft produced a composite sticky graft block that was capable of increasing the mechanical properties in order to improve its clinical use in the treatment of the maxillary bone defects.

Highlights

The use of biomaterials has been increasing in clinical practice
In Group I, the bovine graft was mixed with autologous platelet liquid (APL); in Group II, it was mixed with blood, and in Group III, the biomaterial graft was combined with physiological water
The protocol of APL mixed with bovine bone graft produced a composite sticky graft block that was capable of increasing the mechanical properties in order to improve its clinical use in the treatment of the maxillary bone defects

Summary

Introduction

The use of biomaterials has been increasing in clinical practice. They are available in different shapes and sizes and in unlimited amounts, but they require longer healing periods in comparison to autologous bone due to the reduced biological potential, as they are cell-free [1]. Various synthetic or biological materials have been used for bone regeneration, including: autologous bone; demineralized and mineralized freeze-dried allografts; anorganic bovine bone; anorganic porcine bone; collagenated porcine bone, coralline calcium carbonate; bioglass; polylactide/polyglycolide materials; synthetic polymers; calcium sulfate; and hydroxyapatite [2]. These are commercially available in cement pastes, granules, gel, and blocks of osteoconductive and osteoinductive biomaterials that have been investigated for bone reconstruction and augmentation. The use of autologous bone has some disadvantages, such as increased morbidity associated with a second surgical procedure, and limited availability [4]

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