Abstract
In this research, we describe the properties of three-component composite foam scaffolds based on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as a matrix and hydroxyapatite whiskers (HAP) and L-Lysine as fillers (PCL/HAP/Lys with wt% ratio 50/48/2). The scaffolds were prepared using a thermally induced phase separation technique supported by salt leaching (TIPS-SL). All materials were precisely characterized: porosity, density, water uptake, wettability, DSC, and TGA measurements and compression tests were carried out. The microstructure of the obtained scaffolds was analyzed via SEM. It was found that the PCL/HAP/Lys scaffold has a 45% higher Young’s modulus and better wettability compared to the PCL/HAP system. At the same time, the porosity of the system was ~90%. The osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cell response was also investigated in osteogenic conditions (39 °C) and the cytokine release profile of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was determined. Modification of PCL scaffolds with HAP and L-Lysine significantly improved the proliferation of pre-osteoblasts cultured on such materials.
Highlights
Introduction iationsTissue engineering and regenerative medicine are important fields in biomedical engineering
We present three-component composite foam scaffolds based on poly(εcaprolactone) as a matrix and hydroxyapatite whiskers (HAP) and L-Lysine as fillers, obtained using a combination of thermal induced phase separation and the salt leaching method (TIPS-SL)
We have shown that the modification of foam scaffolds with HAP and Lys led to a significant increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production by hFOB 1.19 as compared to the concentration of these cytokines detected in cell cultures incubated with PCL (Figure 8A–C)
Summary
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are important fields in biomedical engineering. Progress in this area creates the need for novel scaffold materials and reproducible fabrication techniques [1]. Biopolymer-based materials are useful in regenerative medicine because they provide a temporary scaffold to help cells to form new bone tissue [2]. The use of biocompatible and bioresorbable materials, with controllable degradation and resorption, enables optimal matching with the functional features of the tissue at the site of implantation [4]. One of the most promising materials in the field of bone tissue engineering is a composite containing apatite ceramics [5,6]. Inorganic materials with a high content of calcium and phosphate are used
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