Abstract
This paper reports on the activities carried out in the context of “Dragon project 32278: Three- and Four-Dimensional Topographic Measurement and Validation”. The research work was split into three subprojects and encompassed several activities to deliver accurate characterization of targets on land surfaces and deepen the current knowledge on the exploitation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The goal of Subproject 1 was to validate topographic mapping accuracy of various ESA, TPM, and Chinese satellite system on test sites in the EU and China; define and improve validation methodologies for topographic mapping; and develop and setup test sites for the validation of different surface motion estimation techniques. Subproject 2 focused on the specific case of spatially and temporally decorrelating targets by using multi-baseline interferometric (InSAR) and tomographic (TomoSAR) SAR processing. Research on InSAR led to the development of robust retrieval techniques to estimate target displacement over time. Research on TomoSAR was focused on testing or defining new processing methods for high-resolution 3D imaging of the interior of forests and glaciers and the characterization of their temporal behavior. Subproject 3 was focused on near-real-time motion estimation, considering efficient algorithms for the digestion of new acquisitions and for changes in problem parameterization.
Highlights
When 3D deformation measurements are required, much longer delay in time is typically needed to acquire the necessary Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) datasets for calculating the 3D deformation information [72]. In this part of the project, we aim to address some of the problems by studying the quality of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) generated from geosynchronous SAR, 3D deformation information retrieval based on an integration of 1D interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) deformation measurement and a deformation model, and real-time structural dynamic deformation measurements based on a ground-based radar system, as well as issues such as better correction of tropospheric and ionospheric effects in InSAR measurements [73,74]
The results suggest that baseline errors are a major error source in Geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar (GEOSAR) DEM generation, especially for small baselines and those with large inclination angles
Repeat-pass InSAR suffers from temporal decorrelation and is not useable in many areas of the world though, so that StereoSAR
Summary
The present project “Three- and Four-Dimensional Topographic Measurement and Validation” (ID: 32278) has been developed with continuity since Dragon-1. In Dragon-1 and Dragon-2, the focus was on DEM generation and surface motion estimation with medium resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Since Dragon-3, SAR datasets of high spatial and temporal resolution (TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed) were made available, and nowadays, thanks to the availability of dense time series from Sentinel-1, accurate and frequent global coverage has become a reality [1,2,3,4,5]. The capabilities of SAR-based Earth Observation are on their way for a further improvement in the very near future, thanks to new low-frequency Missions, such as BIOMASS and ROSE-L, that will
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