Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Abstract

This paper provides a clear understanding of both the history and the evolution of TOS. A specific anatomic review of the inlet is included as well as common sites of entrapment and congenital or acquired morphological anomalies that may cause compression. The current controversy with anatomic, physiologic, and clinical tests for TOS is presented. A “typical” subjective and objective clinical presentation of a “non-specific neurogenic TOS” patient is also provided. Most importantly, the existence of non-specific neurogenic TOS is debated and other common diagnoses similar in clinical presentation are listed. We also comment on how to begin differentiating possible sources of upper extremity neurovascular symptoms. With this knowledge, the reader may evaluate, assess, and treat such patients.