Abstract
BackgroundAs air temperatures increase globally, more and more plants are exposed to heat-stress conditions. Although many studies have explored regulation networks in plants with the aim of improving their heat-stress tolerance, only few have revealed them in trees. Here, individuals of Populus qiongdaoensis seedlings, which grows naturally in tropical areas, exposed to heat at 40 °C and the non-coding regulation networks were explored using the PacBio RSII and the Illumina sequencing platform.ResultsIn total, we obtained 88,161 full-length transcripts representing 39,343 genes using 5,498,988 long reads and 350,026,252 clean reads, and also 216 microRNAs (miRNAs) via 95,794,107 reads. We then identified 928 putative long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), consisting of 828 sense lncRNAs (89.22%), 34 long intergenic non-coding RNAs (3.66%), 16 antisense (1.72%), and 50 sense intronic lncRNAs (5.39%). Under the dual criteria of |log2fold-change| ≥ 1 and P-value < 0.05, 1690 genes, 25 lncRNAs, and 15 miRNAs were found differentially expressed under the heat stress treatment. Furthermore, 563 and 595 mRNAs were detected as target genes of 14 differently expressed miRNAs and 26 differentially expressed lncRNAs. Functional annotation analysis of these target genes demonstrated they were related to cell membrane stability, plant hormone signal transduction, antioxidation, and aldarate metabolism. Lastly, we uncovered a key interaction network of lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs that consisted of miR1444d, miR482a.1, miR530a, lncHSP18.2, HSP18.1, and HSP18.2. Expression level analysis showed that miRNAs in the network were up-regulated, while mRNAs and lncRNA were down-regulated, and also found that lncHSP18.2 may cis-regulate HSP18.2.ConclusionsFunctional enrichment analysis of target genes of miRNAs and lncRNAs indicated that miRNAs and lncRNAs play an important role in the response to heat stress P. qiongdaoensis. Lastly, by investigating the miRNA–lncRNA–mRNA network of this species, we revealed that miRNAs may negatively regulate both lncRNAs and mRNAs in tree responses to heat stress, and found that lncHSP18.2 may cis-regulate HSP18.2.
Highlights
As air temperatures increase globally, more and more plants are exposed to heat-stress conditions
Functional enrichment analysis of target genes of miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) indicated that miRNAs and lncRNAs play an important role in the response to heat stress P. qiongdaoensis
By investigating the miRNA– lncRNA–mRNA network of this species, we revealed that miRNAs may negatively regulate both lncRNAs and mRNAs in tree responses to heat stress, and found that lncHSP18.2 may cis-regulate HSP18.2
Summary
As air temperatures increase globally, more and more plants are exposed to heat-stress conditions. Many studies have explored regulation networks in plants with the aim of improving their heat-stress tolerance, only few have revealed them in trees. When exposed to high temperatures, plants produce antioxidants [2, 3], phytohormones [4], osmotic adjustment material [5], and heat shock proteins (HSPs) [6], and exhibit decreases in photosynthesis and transpiration [7] as well as cell membrane stability [8]. Up-regulated expression of heat shock genes and rapid synthesis of new HSPs proteins can enhance plant heat tolerance [10]. Heterologous expression of the Trichoderma harzianum HSP70 gene in Arabidopsis increases plant heat tolerance and resistance to other abiotic stresses [12]. Research has confirmed that HSP genes play important roles in the responses of plants to high-temperature stress
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