Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well-described by-products of cellular metabolic activities, acting as signaling molecules and regulating the redox state of proteins. Solvent exposed thiol residues like cysteines are particularly sensitive to oxidation and their redox state affects structural and biochemical capacities of many proteins. While thiol redox regulation has been largely studied in several cell compartments like in the plant chloroplast, little is known about redox sensitive proteins in the nucleus. Recent works have revealed that proteins with oxidizable thiols are important for the regulation of many nuclear functions, including gene expression, transcription, epigenetics, and chromatin remodeling. Moreover, thiol reducing molecules like glutathione and specific isoforms of thiols reductases, thioredoxins and glutaredoxins were found in different nuclear subcompartments, further supporting that thiol-dependent systems are active in the nucleus. This mini-review aims to discuss recent progress in plant thiol redox field, taking examples of redox regulated nuclear proteins and focusing on major thiol redox systems acting in the nucleus.
Highlights
Oxygen is one of the most important molecules for aerobic organisms
This study found glutathione uniformly spread in the nucleoplasm, without distinction between euchromatin and heterochromatin
While H2O2 has been detected in the nucleus, little is known about reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and dynamics in this cell compartment
Summary
Oxygen is one of the most important molecules for aerobic organisms. It is necessary for cell metabolism, but it generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) as by-products of oxidoreduction pathways.
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