Thin films using the greenly prepared metal-organic framework MIL-100(Fe) and recycled polystyrene supported onto cellulose for the microextraction of personal care products from waters and cosmetics

Abstract

The metal–organic framework MIL-100(Fe), prepared with a sustainable route, was integrated in recycled polystyrene for the preparation of thin film devices using cellulose paper as support. The resulting device was used in a thin film solid-phase microextraction method (TF-SPME) in combination with high performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) for determining 7 personal care products (PCPs) in cosmetics and swimming pool waters. A thorough optimization was performed during the preparation of the devices, studying the MOF loading and the number of layers of MIL-100(Fe)/PS supported over the cellulose paper for the TF device, together with proper optimization of several analytical microextraction aspects, such as the extraction mode and the nature of the desorption solvent. Besides, an experimental design 2k with two levels and 3 factors was applied for the optimization of the remaining parameters of the method, namely extraction time, volume of the desorption solvent, and desorption time. The entire TF-SPME-HPLC-PDA method showed adequate analytical performance features, with limits of detection down to 7.5 µg·L-1 and intermembrane precision values lower than 11 % (checked intra-day) and 19 % (checked inter-day). Several cosmetics and swimming pool waters were successfully analyzed, thus demonstrating the applicability of these thin film devices in complex samples. Besides, the proposed method was assessed by applying the main green metrics currently used.