Abstract
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and graphene oxide (GO) with reinforcing and film-forming properties were employed with graphene to develop a novel and thin electric heating membrane with heat dissipation controllability. A negative charge was found on the surface of GO and NFC in aqueous dispersions, which contributed to the homogeneous distribution of the graphene sheets. The membrane had a good laminated structure with three-dimensional interaction between GO and NFC, with embedded graphene sheets. Conductivity was characterized as a function of the amount of graphene, thus giving control over to the heating power by adjusting the ratio of graphene. Subsequent electric heating tests can remove irregularities on the GO and graphene sheet, improving the laminated structure further. The temperature on the surface of the membrane presented an exponential increasing regularity with time. Under the same power density and time, the stabilized temperature rise of membranes was higher when grammage was higher, which was characterized by the linear function of the power density. Low-grammage membranes (1 and 4 g·m−2) also exhibited regular and even stabilized temperature rises. The indicated structure and heating performance of the membrane, as well as the variation induced by Joule heating, would drive its applications.
Highlights
Graphene-based materials such as graphene nanosheets, multilayer graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) are currently of considerable interest in many fields, including composite materials, paints and coatings, flexible electronics, energy generation and storage, sensors and metrology, and bioapplications [1,2,3]
nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and GO particles presented a negative charge in the water dispersion [23,24,25], giving the NFC-GO
Slight variation of the phase structure of membranes with different amounts of graphene and GO were found, as shown in Figure S6 (Supplementary Materials) and Table 1. Both the 2D peak was weaker compared with the published RGO membrane [12], presenting a defective crystallized carbon structure, on account of the disturbance by NFC and GO embedded among the graphene sheets in the system. These findings indicate that the orientated structure in the membrane mainly depends on the stacking behavior of graphene and GO sheets under vacuum filtration, as well as crosslinking by the embedded
Summary
Graphene-based materials such as graphene nanosheets, multilayer graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) are currently of considerable interest in many fields, including composite materials, paints and coatings, flexible electronics, energy generation and storage, sensors and metrology, and bioapplications [1,2,3]. In the field of electric heating, new graphene-based composites have been applied for the heating and thermal analysis of microdevices or micro/nano regions of materials [4], as well as being used in snow melting and deicing devices [5,6,7,8], demisting and defrosting of transparent substrates such as glass [9,10,11], wearable/smart electronics [8], and even indoor heating One such high-temperature heating device utilized a RGO coating on the surface of a horseshoe-shaped substrate by three-dimensional (3D) printing using aqueous solution [4], which was first reduced at 600 ◦ C for 1 h under argon and further reduced by input electrical current below 1 A. It exhibited stable electric heating performance; the current changed by only
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