Abstract
Emotional behavior and psychological disorders are expressed through coordinated interactions across multiple brain regions. Brain electrophysiological signals are composed of diverse neuronal oscillations, representing cell-level to region-level neuronal activity patterns, and serve as a biomarker of mental disorders. Here, we review recent observations from rodents demonstrating how neuronal oscillations in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex are engaged in emotional behavior and altered by psychiatric changes such as anxiety and depression. In particular, we focus mainly on theta-range (4–12 Hz) oscillations, including several distinct oscillations in this frequency range. We then discuss therapeutic possibilities related to controlling such mental disease-related neuronal oscillations to ameliorate psychiatric symptoms and disorders in rodents and humans.
Highlights
The accumulation of mental stress loads is a primary risk factor for psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Yehuda and LeDoux, 2007; Arnsten, 2015)
A number of studies have revealed that brain regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala (AMY), hippocampus (HPC), and hypothalamus play crucial roles in the regulation of affective and visceral functions and undergo marked changes in their activity caused by stress-induced mental disease (Greicius et al, 2007; Sheline et al, 2010; Nugent et al, 2015; Tovote et al, 2015; Drysdale et al, 2017)
The mammalian forebrain generates extracellular field potentials containing a mixture of diverse neural oscillations at frequency bands ranging from 0.1 to 250 Hz and up to 500 Hz that show dynamic changes associated with arousal levels, emotional valence, and memory
Summary
The accumulation of mental stress loads is a primary risk factor for psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Yehuda and LeDoux, 2007; Arnsten, 2015). Animal experiments allow us to directly measure local field potential (LFP) signals from target brain regions with high signal-to-noise ratios and compare how their oscillatory patterns dynamically change with emotional behavior in both health and disease. Such basic nonclinical experiments are crucial for devising novel therapeutic strategies, including drug discovery and timed interventions on brain activity, which have been termed oscillotherapeutics (Takeuchi and Berenyi, 2020). We discuss potential therapeutic strategies to ameliorate stress-induced psychiatric disorders based on oscillatory LFP patterns
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