Abstract
Descriptively, personality refers to relatively enduring, socially and/or personally important patterns of behaviour, thought, and psychological states that are characteristic to and individual. Personality descriptions (either from self-reports or behaviour observations) are causally heterogenous, reflecting, for example, self-presentational concerns in addition to the workings of functional elements of personality (called here the “personality system”). The functional elements can be subdivided into temperament, habits and knowledge, and self-regulation. These components form a nested hierarchy where each “upper” level controls those below it; the use of cultural ‘tools’ (symbolic representations of concepts and ideas) allows for more complex (but not necessarily more adaptive) ways of control. Behavioural observations and questionnaires are influenced by all three categories of the functional elements, but longitudinal design (either developmental or micro-longitudinal) can help pinpoint their relative contribution.
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