Abstract

AbstractThis is a personal perspective of how some significant upper atmosphere model developments were carried out from the mid‐1960s to the early 1990s, including modeling of the ionospheric wind dynamo, equatorial electrojet, two‐ and three‐dimensional thermospheric dynamics, the disturbance dynamo, interactive thermosphere/ionosphere dynamics and electrodynamics, and mapping of high‐latitude electric fields and currents through data assimilation. Well‐tested models enable exploration and prediction of a large number of phenomena.

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