Abstract
The thermodynamic foundations of the evolution of the biosphere are considered: the variability of natural systems with different dispersion of their components, the alternative ways of development of such systems, the alternative of intermediate stable states of ecosystems depending on fluctuations of external factors, primarily climate. The necessity of developing a system of mutually agreed complex indicators of this process is postulated. The necessity of including the water content of ecosystems in the number of parameters of nonequilibrium thermodynamics is justified. A new section of land hydrology is formulated -the study of thermodynamic aspects of the dynamics of natural waters.
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