Thermodynamic Stacking Fault Energy, Chemical Composition, and Microstructure Relationship in High-Manganese Steels

Abstract

Stacking fault energy (SFE) is related to activating complex high strength and ductility mechanisms such as transformation-induced plasticity and twinning-induced plasticity effects. This type of energy can be estimated by many different methods and its importance is in its ability to predict microstructure and phase transformation behavior when the material is submitted to stress/strain. In order to study the SFE, chemical composition, and microstructure relationships, eleven different welding parameters were chosen to obtain a large range of dilution levels. A new tubular wire electrode of high-manganese steel (21 wt pct Mn) was used as the consumable and an SAE 1012 steel plate (0.6 wt pct Mn) as the base metal in a flux-cored arc welding process. These welding parameters were related to the phases formed and phase transformation behavior in the fusion zone. The SFE of the austenite phase was calculated using a thermodynamic model. The welding parameters produced SFE values in the range of − 5 to 7 mJ/m2. $$\epsilon $$ -martensite and austenite were observed in all samples, but $$\alpha $$ ′-martensite was only found in those that presented negative SFE values, i.e., those with lower Mn content. Chemical Gibbs Free energy was the component with the most influence on the SFE. Nanoindentation detected the phase transformations during hardness testing for the medium and low dilution levels used, while the high dilution levels presented the highest hardness and modulus of elasticity values, and the lowest elastic and plastic deformation values. The results provide an improved method to develop high-manganese steels with microstructure control through welding parameters.