Thermodynamic characterization of interactions between p27 Kip1 and activated and non-activated Cdk2: Intrinsically unstructured proteins as thermodynamic tethers

Abstract

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p27 Kip1 plays a critical role in cell cycle regulation by binding and inhibiting (or activating) various cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)/cyclin complexes. Thermal denaturation monitored by circular dichroism (CD) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were used to determine the relative stabilities and affinities of p27-KID (p27 kinase inhibitory domain) complexes with activated Cdk2 (phosphorylated at Thr160; P-Cdk2) and non-activated forms of Cdk2 and/or cyclin A. Phosphorylation of residue Thr160 only slightly increases the thermal stability of Cdk2, and its binary complexes with cyclin A and p27-KID. The p27-KID/P-Cdk2/cyclin A or p27-KID/Cdk2/cyclin A ternary complexes exhibited significantly higher thermal stabilities compared to the binary complexes (P-Cdk2/cyclin A or Cdk2/cyclin A). Differences in T m values between the binary and ternary complexes with P-Cdk2 and Cdk2 were + 25.9 and + 20.4 °C, respectively. These results indicate that the ternary complex with phosphorylated Cdk2 is stabilized to a larger extent than the non-phosphorylated complex. The free energy of association (Δ G A) for formation of the two ternary complexes was more favorable than for the binary complexes, indicating that a significantly smaller population of free components existed when all three components were present. These data indicate that p27-KID, which is intrinsically disordered in solution, acts as a thermodynamic tether when bound within the ternary complexes. It is proposed that thermodynamic tethering may be a general phenomena associated with intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs) which often function by binding to multiple partners in multi-protein assemblies.