Abstract
Additive manufacturing is a form of powder metallurgy, which means the properties of the initial metal powders (chemical composition, powder morphology and size) impact the final properties of the resulting parts. A complete characterization, including thermodynamic effects and the behavior of the metal powders at elevated temperatures, is crucial when planning the manufacturing process. The analysis of the Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-Ag powder mixtures, made from pure elemental powders, shows a high susceptibility to sintering in the temperature interval from 700 to 1000 °C. Here, numerous changes to the manganese oxides and the αMn to βMn transformation occurred. The problems of mechanically mixed powders, when using selective laser melting, were highlighted by the low flowability, which led to a less controllable process, an uncontrolled arrangement of the powder and a large percentage of burnt manganese. All this was determined from the altered chemical compositions of the produced parts. The impact of the increased manganese content on the decreased probability of the transformation from γ-austenite to ε-martensite was confirmed. The ε-martensite in the microstructure increased the hardness of the material, but at the same time, its magnetic properties reduce the usefulness for medical applications. However, the produced parts had comparable elongations to human bone.
Highlights
Additive manufacturing (AM), a form of powder metallurgy, can create complexshaped parts suitable for a wide range of applications
One of the most widespread industrial technologies used for AM is selective laser melting (SLM), which enables the processing of complex parts with appropriate microstructures
Ti-35Nb [1] and Ti6Al-4V [2] were successfully in situ created from elemental powders but resulted in a heterogeneous microstructure, which must be improved with post-processing heat treatment
Summary
Additive manufacturing (AM), a form of powder metallurgy, can create complexshaped parts suitable for a wide range of applications. The SLM process can use the feedstock material from two or three elemental powders. Ti-35Nb [1] and Ti6Al-4V [2] were successfully in situ created from elemental powders but resulted in a heterogeneous microstructure, which must be improved with post-processing heat treatment. The higher melting point temperature difference in elemental powders adversely effects the chemical composition homogeneity in in situ SLM-created alloys [3]. Depending on the combination of elements, it is sometimes difficult to control the chemical composition of a part made using SLM. It is problematic when SLM is applied to Zn [4]
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