Thermodynamic and Kinetic Characterization of the Protein Z-dependent Protease Inhibitor (ZPI)-Protein Z Interaction Reveals an Unexpected Role for ZPI Lys-239

Abstract

The anticoagulant serpin, protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), circulates in blood as a tight complex with its cofactor, protein Z (PZ), enabling it to function as a rapid inhibitor of membrane-associated factor Xa. Here, we show that N,N'-dimethyl-N-(acetyl)-N'-(7-nitrobenz-3-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)ethylenediamine (NBD)-fluorophore-labeled K239C ZPI is a sensitive, moderately perturbing reporter of the ZPI-PZ interaction and utilize the labeled ZPI to characterize in-depth the thermodynamics and kinetics of wild-type and variant ZPI-PZ interactions. NBD-labeled K239C ZPI bound PZ with ∼3 nM KD and ∼400% fluorescence enhancement at physiologic pH and ionic strength. The NBD-ZPI-PZ interaction was markedly sensitive to ionic strength and pH but minimally affected by temperature, consistent with the importance of charged interactions. NBD-ZPI-PZ affinity was reduced ∼5-fold by physiologic calcium levels to resemble NBD-ZPI affinity for γ-carboxyglutamic acid/EGF1-domainless PZ. Competitive binding studies with ZPI variants revealed that in addition to previously identified Asp-293 and Tyr-240 hot spot residues, Met-71, Asp-74, and Asp-238 made significant contributions to PZ binding, whereas Lys-239 antagonized binding. Rapid kinetic studies indicated a multistep binding mechanism with diffusion-limited association and slow complex dissociation. ZPI complexation with factor Xa or cleavage decreased ZPI-PZ affinity 2-7-fold by increasing the rate of PZ dissociation. A catalytic role for PZ was supported by the correlation between a decreased rate of PZ dissociation from the K239A ZPI-PZ complex and an impaired ability of PZ to catalyze the K239A ZPI-factor Xa reaction. Together, these results reveal the energetic basis of the ZPI-PZ interaction and suggest an important role for ZPI Lys-239 in PZ catalytic action.