Thermochemical Parameters of the Chloronitrophenol Isomers: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation

Abstract

The standard (p° = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol, and 4-chloro-3-nitrophenol in the solid phase, Δf (cr), at T = 298.15 K, were derived from the standard molar enthalpies of combustion measured by rotating-bomb combustion calorimetry, in oxygen. Enthalpies of fusion of the solid compounds were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The standard molar enthalpies of sublimation, , at T = 298.15 K, were measured by Calvet microcalorimetry. Summing the obtained Δf (cr) and values, it was possible to derive the values of the standard molar enthalpies of formation in the gaseous phase, at T = 298.15 K: Δf (2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, g) = −(139.0 ± 2.8) kJ·mol-1, Δf (4-chloro-2-nitrophenol, g) = −(149.2 ± 1.8) kJ·mol-1, and Δf (4-chloro-3-nitrophenol, g) = −(108.8 ± 3.7) kJ·mol-1. Density functional theory calculations were also performed for all possible chloronitrophenol isomers using the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G** basis set. These calculat...