Abstract
The social, economic, and environmental impacts of climate change have been shown to affect poorer populations throughout the world disproportionally, and the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020–2021 has only exacerbated the use of less sustainable energy, fuel, and chemical sources. The period of economic and social recovery following the pandemic presents an unprecedented opportunity to invest in biorefineries based on the pyrolysis of agricultural residues. These produce a plethora of sustainable resources while also contributing to the economic valorization of first-sector local economies. However, biomass-derived pyrolysis liquid is highly oxygenated, which hinders its long-term stability and usability. Catalytic hydrogenation is a proposed upgrading method to reduce this hindrance, while recent studies on the use of nickel and niobium as low-cost catalysts, both abundant in Brazil, reinforce the potential synergy between different economic sectors within the country. This review gathers state-of-the-art applications of these technologies with the intent to guide the scientific community and lawmakers alike on yet another alternative for energy and commodities production within an environmentally sustainable paradigm.
Highlights
According to the International Monetary Fund, the worldwide unemployment rate increased from 6.9% in 2019 to 9.5% in 2020 [2]
The molecular weight (MW) of sugars may be above the cutoff of the Py-GC/MS method, as these are relatively stable compounds often quantified in conventional fast pyrolysis condensates
The social, political, and economic impact of the current period of anthropogenic climate change has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020/21
Summary
The year 2021 is a landmark in human history. The COVID-19 pandemic claimed, to date, more than 5 million lives throughout the globe [1] and led governments, institutions, and individuals to adopt safety measures that promoted drastic changes in social behavior, habits, and consumption patterns. The situation in Brazil, which is currently unfavorable, with an unemployment rate of 11.9%, is expected to soar to 14.7% (according to data from the International Monetary Fund) This unprecedented situation draws attention to the vulnerability of our human systems to a biological agent. This disease, and many others that (even being treatable) kill millions of people annually, and could be prevented by the provision of basic sanitation conditions, or controlled by assertive diagnosis and treatment, open our eyes to the weaknesses of the structures that compose our relationship with our habitat and community. Domestic sources, such as renewable and recycled carbon fuels, are an alternative to be pursued to ensure a secure energy supply in the European Union In this sense, each country should focus on the conversion of domestic resources to generate energy and other goods and services. After introdu Brazilian enerliggynopcreoldluulcotsiiocnbaionmd absisomasaassfeaevdasitloacbkil,itayrienvitehwe coofubniotrmy.asAsfatevraiinlatbrolediunciBnrgazil, as w lignocellulositchbeisotmatea-sosf-atshea-afertedofsttohcekrm, aocrhevemiewicaol fcobniovmerassiosnamvaeitlhaboldesiwn iBthrapzoilt,enatsiawl efollr biofuels as the state-ofd-tuhcet-ioarnt, oisf pthroervmidoecdh,emmaiicnallycfooncvuesersdioonnmsuegtahrocdasnew-bitahsepdotmenattiearliafolsr. bTihoefrumeloschemica production, iscepsrsoevsi,dsepde,cmifiacianlllyy froeclautseeddtoonfassutgpayrcraonlyes-ibsaasered imntartoedriuacles.dTfhoerrtmheocphreomduiccatlion of bio processes, spefocilfilocwaleldy rbeylactaetdaltyotifcahstydpryortorleyastims aenret.iBnatrsoedduocnedthfiosr, athpeyprorloydsuisc-tcieonnteorfebdiosu- gar cane oils followed rbeyficnaetraylyisticsuhgygdersotterdeaatsmweenltl. aBsaasletderonnattihvies,baiop-byaroselydsipsr-ocecnestesrcehdaisnusg.ar cane biorefinery is suggested as well as alternative bio-based process chains
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