Abstract
Active control of metamaterial properties is of great significance for designing miniaturized and versatile devices in practical engineering applications. Taking advantage of the highly temperature-dependent permittivity of water, we demonstrate a water-based metamaterial comprising water cubes with thermally tunable Mie resonances. The dynamic tunability of the water-based metamaterial was investigated via numerical simulations and experiments. A water cube exhibits both magnetic and electric response in the frequency range of interest. The magnetic response is primarily magnetic dipole resonance, while the electric response is a superposition of electric dipole resonance and a smooth Fabry–Pérot background. Using temporal coupled-mode theory (TCMT), the role of direct scattering is evaluated and the Mie resonance modes are analyzed. As the temperature of water cube varies from 20 °C to 80 °C, the magnetic and electric resonance frequencies exhibit obvious blue shifts of 0.10 and 0.14 GHz, respectively.
Highlights
Metamaterials have attracted considerable attention of researchers for the unique properties[1]
The electromagnetic response of the water cube in the frequency range 0.70–1.15 GHz is investigated in a standard rectangular waveguide of BJ9, and the scattering parameters are simulated with the commercial software CST Microwave Studio and measured with a vector network analyzer (AV3629D)
We presented a water-based metamaterial with thermal tunability and investigated the dynamically tunable Mie resonances via simulations, experiments, and temporal coupled-mode theory (TCMT)
Summary
Metamaterials have attracted considerable attention of researchers for the unique properties[1]. Water exhibits high permittivity in the microwave band and is a good candidate for dielectric metamaterials. Most studies on water-based metamaterials have focused on broadband absorbers owing to the large dielectric loss of water[33,34,35,36,37]. Low dielectric loss can be obtained at low frequencies, enabling water-based metamaterials with Mie resonance of high quality factor. In combination with the highly temperature-dependent permittivity of water, we present a water-based metamaterial and investigate the thermally tunable Mie resonance via simulations, experiments, www.nature.com/scientificreports/. The Mie resonance of a water cube at a temperature ranging from 20 °C to 80 °C is investigated to confirm the thermal tunability of a water-based metamaterial
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