Abstract
The utilization of air conditioning in public and private buildings is continuously increasing globally and is one of the major factors fueling the growth of the global electricity demand. The higher utilization of renewable energy sources and the transition of the electricity-generating industry to renewable energy sources requires significant energy storage in order to avoid supply–demand mismatches. This storage-regeneration process entails dissipation, which leads to higher energy generation loads. Both the energy generation and the required storage may be reduced using thermal energy storage to provide domestic comfort in buildings. The development and utilization of thermal storage, achieved by chilled water, in a community of two thousand buildings located in the North Texas region are proven to have profound and beneficial effects on the necessary infrastructure to make this community independent of the grid and self-sufficient with renewable energy. The simulations show that both the necessary photovoltaics rating and the capacity of the electric energy storage system are significantly reduced when thermal storage with a chilled water system is used during the air conditioning season.
Highlights
Refrigeration cycles were developed in the latter part of the nineteenth century
The simulations show that both the necessary photovoltaics rating and the capacity of the electric energy storage system are significantly reduced when thermal storage with a chilled water system is used during the air conditioning season
This paper aims at the introduction of a hybrid storage system that fulfills the electric energy requirements of a community of two thousand (2000) homes in North
Summary
Refrigeration cycles were developed in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Since engineering systems employing these thermodynamic cycles have proliferated, serving a variety of applications in food refrigeration and freezing, ice production, gas liquefaction, and air conditioning (A-C). In the first part of the twenty-first century, A-C systems have become required fixtures in the buildings of most developed countries and are quickly making inroads in the rest of the world. As a result, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems globally consume an increasing fraction of the total primary energy sources (TPES). In the USA, HVAC systems consume more than 35% of the country’s TPES and are expected to reach high fractions in several developing countries, those in lower geographic latitudes, such as the Peoples Republic of China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Brazil [1,2].
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