Abstract
Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries can involve various types of failure mechanisms each with their own unique characteristics. Using fractional thermal runaway calorimetry and high-speed radiography, the response of three different geometries of cylindrical cell (18650, 21700, and D-cell) to different abuse mechanisms (thermal, internal short circuiting, and nail penetration) are quantified and statistically examined. Correlations between the geometry of cells and their thermal behavior are identified, such as increasing heat output per amp-hour (kJ Ah−1) of cells with increasing cell diameter during nail penetration. High-speed radiography reveals that the rate of thermal runaway propagation within cells is generally highest for nail penetration where there is a relative increase in rate of propagation with increasing diameter, compared to thermal or internal short-circuiting abuse. For a given cell model tested under the same conditions, a distribution of heat output is observed with a trend of increasing heat output with increased mass ejection. Finally, internal temperature measurements using thermocouples embedded in the penetrating nail are shown to be unreliable thus demonstrating the need for care when using thermocouples where the temperature is rapidly changing. All data used in this manuscript are open access through the NREL and NASA Battery Failure Databank.
Highlights
Ly https://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/jes-ecs pt Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are used for a wide range of applications where their safety and us cri reliability are of utmost importance, such as for human space flight[1], electric vehicles[2], and portable electronics
Designing safe battery systems that can prevent catastrophic failure events like thermal runaway is critical for the success of such applications, where failure can compound to life-threatening scenarios or have severe socio-economic consequences[3, 4]
This selection of cells tested under 3 different trigger methods facilitated comparisons of the response of different cell geometries to different trigger methods of thermal runaway
Summary
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are used for a wide range of applications where their safety and us cri reliability are of utmost importance, such as for human space flight[1], electric vehicles[2], and portable electronics. Electric vehicle researchers from Volkswagen and Ford emphasized the importance of more detailed and cost-effective testing and modelling methods for understanding the risks posed by thermal runaway to design safer battery systems[2, 5] To address this challenge, manufacturers of battery systems need to have a comprehensive understanding of the range of possible thermal runaway behavior of their selected cells. Manufacturers of battery systems need to have a comprehensive understanding of the range of possible thermal runaway behavior of their selected cells They need to be aware of the ev risks posed by such behavior to design a safe battery system that can contain the initial event and prevent propagation of thermal runaway while achieving favorable energy and power densities. Different types of Li-ion cells (manufacturer, geometry, and model) behave differently during thermal runaway[6] and recent work has shown that a single type of cell repeatedly tested under similar abuse
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