Thermal runaway and mitigation strategies for electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries using battery cooling approach: A review of the current status and challenges

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) because of their high energy density; however, maintaining an optimal temperature range is crucial for their performance and lifespan. In this study, we aim to address the major challenges faced by LIBs under variable load conditions, such as their heat-generating mechanisms and key thermal problems. Effective thermal management systems for batteries (TMS-Bs) can mitigate thermal runaway (TR) in LIBs and improve their performance and lifespan. This study analyzed various TMS-B cooling methods and their advantages and disadvantages in terms of feasibility, cost, and lifespan. This study also discusses TR mechanisms, models, and strategies to mitigate TRs in LIBs. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments and challenges in LIB TR prediction, TR preventative methodology, and TR contingency plans. We also suggest several future works related to TMS-B. Overall, TMS-B is crucial for maintaining optimal temperature ranges in LIBs used in EVs. An effective TMS-B can mitigate TR and improve the performance and lifespan of LIBs. However, further research on TMS-B construction, working medium, runner size, and liquid-filling capacity along with a better understanding of how battery cells, modules, and packs respond to rapid charging situations is required.