Thermal properties and temperature-related behavior of rock/fluid systems

Abstract

I. Thermal Processes and Terms. Applications requiring thermal data. Definition of terms. II. Heat Capacities of Rocks. Experimental measurements. Calculated heat capacities. Heat capacities of fluid saturated rocks. Generalized calculations of heat capacities. Heat capacity of shales. III. Thermal Reactions in Rocks. Experimental methods. Results of measurements. IV. Thermal Expansion of Rocks. Thermal expansion of dry sandstones. Thermal expansion of fluid saturated rocks under stress. Conclusions on thermal expansion. V. Thermal Conductivities of Rock/Fluid Systems. Methods of measuring thermal conductivities. Effects of rock/fluid properties on thermal conductivity. Effects of temperature on thermal conductivity. Effects of stress on thermal conductivity. Summary. VI. Thermal Conductivity Models. Mixing law models. Empirical models. Theoretical models. Summary. VII. Thermal Diffusivities of Rocks. Experimental methods of measurement. Measured diffusivities of rocks. Calculated thermal diffusivities of rocks. VIII. Heat Transfer with Flowing Fluids. Natural convection in porous media. Fluid phase changes in porous media ( VCC effect ). Convective heat transfer with flowing fluids. IX. Thermal Alterations of Rocks. High temperature alterations. Role of fluxing agents in high temperature alterations. Reduction in fracture pressures by intensive borehole heating. Effects of steaming on rock properties. X. Effects of Temperature on Rock Properties. Bulk and pore compressibilities. Elastic wave velocities. Permeability. Formation resistivity factor. Summary and conclusions. XI. Low Temperature Behavior of Rock/Fluid Systems. P- and S-wave velocities and elastic moduli. Electrical properties. Thermal conductivity. Other low-temperature effects. XII. Wellbore Applications. Thermal data from well logs. Thermal gradients in wells. Heat losses in wells due to VCC effect. Summary and conclusions. Appendix A. Thermal Units Conversion Factors. Appendix B. Thermal Properties Data for Various Rocks. Appendix C. Thermal Properties of Subsurface Reservoir Fluids. References. Author Index. Subject Index.