Abstract
It is important for the safety and good performance of a Li-ion battery module/pack to have an efficient thermal management system. In this paper, a battery thermal management system with a two-phase refrigerant circulated by a pump was developed. A battery module consisting of 240 18650-type Li-ion batteries was fabricated based on a finned-tube heat-exchanger structure. This structural design offers the potential to reduce the weight of the battery thermal management system. The cooling performance of the battery module was experimentally studied under different charge/discharge C-rates and with different refrigerant circulation pump operation frequencies. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the cooling system. It was found that the refrigerant-based battery thermal management system could maintain the battery module maximum temperature under 38 °C and the temperature non-uniformity within 2.5 °C for the various operation conditions considered. The experimental results with 0.5 C charging and a US06 drive cycle showed that the thermal management system could reduce the maximum temperature difference in the battery module from an initial value of 4.5 °C to 2.6 °C, and from the initial 1.3 °C to 1.1 °C, respectively. In addition, the variable pump frequency mode was found to be effective at controlling the battery module, functioning at a desirable constant temperature and at the same time minimizing the pump work consumption.
Highlights
With the development of high-quality energy storage technologies, as well as environmental awareness and government policy orientation, electric vehicles (EVs) have become the most promising alternative to traditional internal combustion vehicles [1].The safety, mileage, life cycle, economy, and performance of EVs depend largely on the on-board battery pack
The heat generated by the charging or discharging of a lithium-ion battery pack in EVs may cause negative effects or even trigger a thermal runaway if not properly addressed [4,5,6]
5a, during the shown in Figure 5a can be controlled at a constant level during the ending phaseexperof the imental discharge maximum temperature the battery module discharge process.process, In otherthe words, the variable pumpdifference frequencyof mode effectively and was about
Summary
With the development of high-quality energy storage technologies, as well as environmental awareness and government policy orientation, electric vehicles (EVs) have become the most promising alternative to traditional internal combustion vehicles [1]. The common methods for the thermal management of a lithium-ion battery pack are air cooling, liquid cooling (such as water, glycol, oil, acetone, refrigerant, ammonia, nanofluid, or hydrogel), phase change materials (PCMs), heat pipes, liquid immersion, and some combinations of these [1,14]. Researchers are still striving to find a high-performance, low-cost method to meet the market demand of BTMSs. Compared with single-phase forced convection, liquid phase-change absorbs a large amount of the heat generated by the battery, with a lower parasitic power consumption; effectively minimizing the temperature rise in batteries. A pump-driven two-phase refrigerant BTMS can effectively meet the temperature control requirements of large-capacity battery packs under harsh working conditions. The thermal behavior of the battery module, cycling under various conditions, were carefully tested and analyzed
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