Thermal Performance Curves of Multiple Isolates of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a Lethal Pathogen of Amphibians.

Ciara N Sheets,Corinne L Richards-Zawacki,Jamie Voyles,Paul J Hurtado,Allison Q Byrne,Erica Bree Rosenblum,Deena R Schmidt

doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.687084

Abstract

Emerging infectious disease is a key factor in the loss of amphibian diversity. In particular, the disease chytridiomycosis has caused severe declines around the world. The lethal fungal pathogen that causes chytridiomycosis, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has affected amphibians in many different environments. One primary question for researchers grappling with disease-induced losses of amphibian biodiversity is what abiotic factors drive Bd pathogenicity in different environments. To study environmental influences on Bd pathogenicity, we quantified responses of Bd phenotypic traits (e.g., viability, zoospore densities, growth rates, and carrying capacities) over a range of environmental temperatures to generate thermal performance curves. We selected multiple Bd isolates that belong to a single genetic lineage but that were collected across a latitudinal gradient. For the population viability, we found that the isolates had similar thermal optima at 21°C, but there was considerable variation among the isolates in maximum viability at that temperature. Additionally, we found the densities of infectious zoospores varied among isolates across all temperatures. Our results suggest that temperatures across geographic point of origin (latitude) may explain some of the variation in Bd viability through vertical shifts in maximal performance. However, the same pattern was not evident for other reproductive parameters (zoospore densities, growth rates, fecundity), underscoring the importance of measuring multiple traits to understand variation in pathogen responses to environmental conditions. We suggest that variation among Bd genetic variants due to environmental factors may be an important determinant of disease dynamics for amphibians across a range of diverse environments.

Highlights

Emerging infectious diseases are a primary driver of global amphibian declines [1]
When we grouped the isolates by genetic lineage, we found no differences in viability between BdGPL1 and BdGPL2 lineages at the temperature optimum (Topt), 21◦C [t(57.51) = 0.91, p = 0.37; Figure 3A]
We found that fecundity was significantly different between BdGPL1 and BdGPL2 at three temperatures: 4 ◦C [t(182.81) = −3.2, p = 0.002], 17 ◦C [t(162.63) = 6.039, p ≤ 0.001], and 21 ◦C [t(131.85) = 6.9127, p ≤ 0.001] (Figure 3C)

Summary

Introduction

Emerging infectious diseases are a primary driver of global amphibian declines [1]. Disease outbreaks from ranaviruses, chytrid fungi, and bacterial pathogens have contributed to an unprecedented loss of global amphibian diversity [2,3,4]. By investigating how a pathogen responds to its environment, as well as the genotypic and phenotypic variation that underpins those responses, we can begin to unravel the disease dynamics that threaten amphibians [9, 10]. Chytridiomycosis is one such infectious disease that is lethal to many amphibian species and has caused global declines in susceptible species [1, 11]. Bd-related declines have been called, “the most spectacular loss of biodiversity due to disease in recorded history” [11]

Methods

Results

Conclusion