Abstract
In the present work, lignin is isolated from three different agro-industrial waste, sweet sorghum, rice straw and sugarcane bagasse using in-situ sodium hydroxide-sodium bisulfate methodology. Characterization was performed using fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), scan electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The SEM micrographs showed sponge-like structure except for sugarcane bagasse lignin reveals rock-like structure. The FTIR indicates the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and methoxyl groups in the lignin structure. TGA thermograms were relatively same and sugarcane bagasse lignin was found the most thermally stable up to 201˚C as compared to both of soda and kraft sugarcane bagasse lignin and its maximal temperature degradation rate DTGmax was found at 494˚C while 450˚C, 464˚C in addition to thermal stabilities up to 173˚C and 180˚C for sweet sorghum and rice straw lignins respectively. All lignins exhibited low percentage of bio-char less than 10% remained unvalotilized at the end of the thermogravimetric analysis at 800˚C in nitrogen atmosphere, revealing a high conversion yield into volatiles. Moreover, all lignin samples depicted higher cytotoxic potential towards lung cancer cell line (A549), IC50: 12 - 17 μg/ml. These findings suggest that the in-situ separated lignins would be good candidates for pyrolysis, polymer composites preparations and seem to be promising natural anti-cancer agents despite its main utilization as the caner drug delivery substrates.
Highlights
Dwindling fossil fuel resources as well as global climate change due to green house gas emission (GHG) [1] is a global concern nowadays and makes fuel based on the exploitation of biomass, an excellent alternative for both environment and development of bio-economy [2] [3] [4]
thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) thermograms were relatively same and sugarcane bagasse lignin was found the most thermally stable up to 201 ̊C as compared to both of soda and kraft sugarcane bagasse lignin and its maximal temperature degradation rate DTGmax was found at 494 ̊C while 450 ̊C, 464 ̊C in addition to thermal stabilities up to 173 ̊C and 180 ̊C for sweet sorghum and rice straw lignins respectively
All lignin samples depicted higher cytotoxic potential towards lung cancer cell line (A549), IC50: 12 - 17 μg/ml. These findings suggest that the in-situ separated lignins would be good candidates for pyrolysis, polymer composites preparations and seem to be promising natural anti-cancer agents despite its main utilization as the caner drug delivery substrates
Summary
Dwindling fossil fuel resources as well as global climate change due to green house gas emission (GHG) [1] is a global concern nowadays and makes fuel based on the exploitation of biomass, an excellent alternative for both environment and development of bio-economy [2] [3] [4]. Among the different lignocellulosic biomasses are rice straw, sweet sorghum and sugarcane bagasse comprises (25% - 50% cellulose, 15% - 30% hemicelluloses and 15% - 25% lignin and minor other extractives) which are produced extensively in Egypt during grain and sweet sugar production as an agro-industrial waste, considered a potential for cellulose and lignin based industries [6]. These constituents could be used for the production of cellulose derivatives, plastics or could be used potentially as a substrate for the release of monomeric sugars essential for second-generation biofuel production, they were used traditionally for a firewood, building materials, animal food, pulp industry and recently biosorbents [7]. Its properties mainly depend on its native source and the isolation process
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