Abstract
A physics-based analytical model is proposed in order to predict the temperature profile during metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes, by considering the effects of temperature history in each layer, temperature-sensitivity of material properties and latent heat. The moving heat source analysis is used in order to predict the temperature distribution inside a semi-infinite solid material. The laser thermal energy deposited into a control volume is absorbed by the material thermodynamic latent heat and conducted through the contacting solid boundaries. The analytical model takes in to account the typical multi-layer aspect of additive manufacturing processes for the first time. The modeling of the problem involving multiple layers is of great importance because the thermal interactions of successive layers affect the temperature gradients, which govern the heat transfer and thermal stress development mechanisms. The temperature profile is calculated for isotropic and homogeneous material. The proposed model can be used to predict the temperature in laser-based metal additive manufacturing configurations of either direct metal deposition or selective laser melting. A numerical analysis is also conducted to simulate the temperature profile in metal AM. These two models are compared with experimental results. The proposed model also well captured the melt pool geometry as it is compared to experimental values. In order to emphasize the importance of solving the problem considering multiple layers, the peak temperature considering the layer addition and peak temperature not considering the layer addition are compared. The results show that considering the layer addition aspect of metal additive manufacturing can help to better predict the surface temperature and melt pool geometry. An analysis is conducted to show the importance of considering the temperature sensitivity of material properties in predicting temperature. A comparison of the computational time is also provided for analytical and numerical modeling. Based on the obtained results, it appears that the proposed analytical method provides an effective and accurate method to predict the temperature in metal AM.
Highlights
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a “process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies” [1]
Fergani et al introduced an analytical model to predict the temperature in the direct metal deposition process
A moving heat source analysis is used in order to predict the temperature distribution associated with the dynamic heat deposition
Summary
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a “process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies” [1]. Fergani et al introduced an analytical model to predict the temperature in the direct metal deposition process. C.Y. Yap et al have proposed an analytical model to predict the energy input required to process different metallic materials for selective laser melting (SLM) process. Efficient and accurate predictions are enabled, and the optimization of metal additive manufacturing processes which would be too complicated to cope with by the majority of other studies, who have resorted to empirical and FEM attempts It reduces, if not completely eliminates, the need for a costly and lengthy trial and error developmental curve for new material and components [31]. Not considering the temperature dependent material properties, the melting/solidification phase change, and layering aspect of metal AM.
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