Abstract
At present, 48 V mild hybrid battery systems are widely used in hybrid electric vehicles to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. The battery pack often operates at high discharge/charge rates and requires an efficient and compact battery thermal management system (BTMS) to control its temperature, improve its electrical performance and extend its life. Due to their short start-up times and simple structures, semiconductors can provide rapid refrigeration and cool a battery quickly in response to sudden high current rates. Therefore, semiconductors were applied to the BTMS of a 48 V battery. The performance of the semiconductor-based BTMS was studied by simulation and experiment at high discharge rates (up to 9.375 C). Firstly, a thermal model of the BTMS was developed that integrates a resistance-based battery thermal model, a semiconductor thermal model and a three-dimensional fluid-solid coupled heat transfer model. Unlike a traditional thermal model, the proposed model considers the joint influences of SOC, temperature and current on battery resistance and improves the predictive precision of the battery’s thermal behaviour. The thermal model was verified by an experiment, with the results showing that it could precisely describe the temperature increase in the battery (maximum average absolute error within 0.9°C). Finally, the BTMS thermal model was applied to predict the cooling performance of the semiconductor BTMS at an ambient temperature of 37°C and high current rates (up to 9.375 C), which was compared with that of an air-cooled BTMS. The results demonstrate that the semiconductor-based BTMS achieves lower battery temperature than the air-cooled BTMS and ensures a temperature difference within the 48 V pack of <1.6°C.
Highlights
Over the past decade, new energy vehicles have rapidly become a technological focal point, as they can reduce fossil fuel consumption and the negative environmental impacts of vehicular traffic (Dunn et al, 2011)
A battery thermal management system (BTMS) is necessary to ensure performance and avoid accidents such as combustion and explosion caused by thermal runaway (Ianniciello et al, 2018)
To overcome the shortcomings of present semiconductorbased BTMS (SBTMS) studies, this paper develops three models to study the performance of 48 V battery packs with coupled thermoelectric cooling (TEC)–forced-air cooling at high discharge rates and temperatures: 1) a resistance-based battery thermal model, 2) a semiconductor thermal model and 3) a three-dimensional fluid-solid coupled heat transfer model
Summary
New energy vehicles have rapidly become a technological focal point, as they can reduce fossil fuel consumption and the negative environmental impacts of vehicular traffic (including ground-level ozone, regional smog and climate change) (Dunn et al, 2011). Electro-thermal models use empirical equations to describe the potential and current density distribution on the electrode, so focus on the electrical properties of the cell (such as open-circuit voltage and entropy coefficient) Their advantages of requiring fewer parameters and less calculation make them more suitable for studying the effects of macroscopic parameters on cell performance, such as cell size and internal resistance. To overcome the shortcomings of present semiconductorbased BTMS (SBTMS) studies, this paper develops three models to study the performance of 48 V battery packs with coupled TEC–forced-air cooling at high discharge rates and temperatures: 1) a resistance-based battery thermal model, 2) a semiconductor thermal model and 3) a three-dimensional fluid-solid coupled heat transfer model. A 48 V battery pack BTMS coupled with TEC and forced-air cooling is built to test cooling performance at an ambient temperature of 37°C and high current rates of up to 9.375 C
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