Abstract
BackgroundCulicoides imicola Kieffer and Culicoides bolitinos Meiswinkel (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are both of veterinary importance, being vectors of Schmallenberg, bluetongue and African horse sickness (AHS) viruses. Within South Africa, these Culicoides species show a marked difference in their abundances according to altitude, with C. imicola highly abundant in lower altitudes, but being replaced as the dominant species by C. bolitinos in cooler, high-altitude regions.MethodsThe thermal physiology of field collected adults of each species was determined to evaluate whether it could account for differences in their distribution and abundance. Critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and minima (CTmin), as well as upper and lower lethal temperatures (ULT and LLT) were assessed after acclimation temperatures of 19ˌC, 24ˌC and 29ˌC. Critical thermal limits were determined using an ecologically relevant rate of temperature change of 0.06ˌC.min−1.ResultsSignificant differences in CTmin and CTmax were found between acclimation temperatures for C. imicola and C. bolitinos. In C. bolitinos, the LLT of individuals acclimated at 24ˌC was significantly improved (LLT50 = −6.01ˌC) compared with those acclimated at the other temperatures (LLT50 = −4ˌC). Acclimation had a weak (difference in LLT50 of only 1ˌC) but significant effect on the LLT of C. imicola. When CTmin, CTmax, LLT and ULT were superimposed on daily maximum and minimum temperature records from locations where each tested Culicoides species is dominant, it was found that temperatures frequently declined below the CTmin and LLT of C. imicola at the location where C. bolitinos was dominant.ConclusionsThe distribution and abundance of C. imicola is likely directly constrained by their relatively poor tolerance of lower temperatures. Results for C. bolitinos suggest that the adult phase is hardy, and it is hypothesised that the thermal biology of other life stages could determine their range.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-384) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Culicoides imicola Kieffer and Culicoides bolitinos Meiswinkel (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are both of veterinary importance, being vectors of Schmallenberg, bluetongue and African horse sickness (AHS) viruses
Post hoc comparisons indicated that the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) of C. imicola from each acclimation temperature was significantly different from all other acclimation temperatures
For Critical thermal maxima (CTmax), C. imicola acclimated at 19°C and 24°C did not differ significantly from each other but both differed significantly from the individuals acclimated at 29°C
Summary
Culicoides imicola Kieffer and Culicoides bolitinos Meiswinkel (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are both of veterinary importance, being vectors of Schmallenberg, bluetongue and African horse sickness (AHS) viruses. Biting midges in the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are incredibly abundant, small flies (ranging from 1–4 mm). At least three of these viruses, namely bluetongue (BTV), epizootic haemorrhagic disease, and African horse sickness (AHSV) viruses, and ecology of Culicoides species [7]. The population dynamics of Culicoides species are markedly influenced by environmental conditions [9]. On account of these factors, there is a need to understand the biotic and abiotic drivers of Culicoides distribution and abundance
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