Thermal Enhancement of Radiating Magneto-Nanoliquid with Nanoparticles Aggregation and Joule Heating: A Three-Dimensional Flow

Abstract

This article studies the effect of nanoparticle aggregation on the 3D flow of titanium nanoliquid based on ethylene glycol $$ ( {\text{C}}_{ 2} {\text{H}}_{ 6} {\text{O}}_{2} - {\text{TiO}}_{2} ) $$ due to an exponentially elongated surface. Thermal analysis is carried out considering linear thermal radiation, Joule heating, and mechanisms of the heat source/sink, while the aspect of the homogeneous single-order chemical reaction is included in the analysis of the solute. The variable magnetic field is also accounted. The modified Maxwell model (Maxwell–Bruggeman) is implemented to estimate the effective conductivity of the nanoliquid. The displayed equations are moderated in quantities without dimensions. The 2-point nonlinear boundary value problem (BVP) is solved by the shooting procedure. The importance of effective parameters is described through graphs. Numerical data are presented to study the friction factor, the heat transfer rate, and the mass transfer rate. It has been established that the aggregation of nanoparticles significantly improves the thermal field. Furthermore, the effect of magnetism is more in ordinary fluid than in nanofluid.