Abstract
Thermal energy storage is crucial for the transition to a low-carbon, renewable energy future. This literature review critically compares and contrasts three sustainable thermal energy storage technologies: molten salt, liquid air energy storage (LAES), and the liquid nitrogen engine (LNE). Molten salt systems have a high energy density and long thermal stability, but are restricted by their high cost and maintenance needs. LAES has a high energy density and low environmental impact, yet suffers from low efficiency. LNE is highly efficient but limited to low-power applications and needs a high-pressure storage tank. Each technology has its benefits and drawbacks, and the most appropriate technology will depend on the specific application. Molten salt may be suitable for large-scale projects, LAES for urban environments and LNE for low-power applications. Therefore, research and development in thermal energy storage should focus on improving efficiency, and cost-effectiveness and exploring new technologies to aid in the transition to a low-carbon, renewable energy future.
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