Thermal-electrochemical simulation of lead-acid battery using reduced-order model based on proper orthogonal decomposition for real-time monitoring purposes

Abstract

The main contributions of this study are, first, developing an efficient reduced-order model (ROM) to fast and accurately simulate the temperature rise and electrochemical behavior of a lead-acid cell during discharge and, second, presenting a comprehensive analysis for the dominant thermal modes of the cell. For this purpose, the governing transport equations including conservation of potential in solid and liquid phases, conservation of species, and conservation of energy are solved simultaneously using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method. The basis of reduced region are created from singular value decomposition (SVD) of the snapshots which are captured from the simulation results of finite-volume method (FVM). The presented model is used to simulate the discharge process of a typical lead-acid cell, taken from the literature, at different initial temperatures and discharge current densities. The simulation results show that the discharge time is highly influenced by the temperature rise. Moreover, since the dynamic behavior of lead-acid battery is severely affected by the cell temperature, an improved POD-based ROM has been developed to compensate the drawbacks of original ROM and simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Finally, the obtained results show that the presented ROM can both accurately simulate the lead-acid battery and reduce the computational cost (speed-up factor of 17) which makes it suitable for real-time monitoring, control, and optimization purposes.