Abstract
Layered Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 is an attractive cathode material for sodium ion batteries. The thermal stability of cathode materials is crucial to their practical applications. In this work, we investigate structural and morphological evolution in layered P2-type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 cathode materials during annealing via in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Insights are obtained from two complementary in situ characterizations (at different length scales) in terms of the thermal stability of P2-Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 cathode materials. The results indicate that the hexagonal P2 phase remains unchanged during the heat-treatment process, and thermally driven expansion/contraction of the lattice parameters exhibits an anisotropic change in the a and c directions. In addition, interfaces/grain boundaries play an important role in the structural stability, which leads to the distinct morphological evolution between the polycrystalline and single-crystal particles.Graphical abstractIn situ high-energy XRD evolution of pristine Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 cathode during heating–warming–cooling processes and corresponding lattice parameters evolution.
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