Thermal description and entropy evaluation of magnetized hybrid nanofluid with variable viscosity via Crank–Nicolson method

Abstract

The dominant characteristics of hybrid nanofluids, such as low cost, improved heat transfer rates, and higher thermal and electrical conductivity, make them preferable fluids in thermal energy systems. In light of these incredible features, our goal in the present research is to analyse heat transfer and entropy generating in (Fe3O4–Cu)/water hybridity nano liquid flowing via a vertical cone with variable wall temperature inserted in a porous material. The effects of variable viscosity, magnetic force, and thermal radiative flux are additional aspects that contribute to the originality of the constructed model. The mathematical model is solved utilising the Crank-Nicolson technique, and the numerical findings are showed graphically and in a tabular manner. The heat transfer process is improved by hybrid nanoparticles and porosity while being hindered by magnetic interaction, viscosity, and thermal radiation. Energy loss in the form of increased entropy can be noted at the further vertical end of the cone than the base. The parametrical influence was reported to be nominal compared to the other physical aspects. Domination of heat transfer induced entropy generation and be observed for the porosity improvements.