Abstract
Abstract. Permafrost and related thermo-hydro-mechanical processes are thought to influence high alpine rock wall stability, but a lack of field measurements means that the characteristics and processes of rock wall permafrost are poorly understood. To help remedy this situation, in 2005 work began to install a monitoring system at the Aiguille du Midi (3842 m a.s.l). This paper presents temperature records from nine surface sensors (eight years of records) and three 10 m deep boreholes (4 years of records), installed at locations with different surface and bedrock characteristics. In line with previous studies, our temperature data analyses showed that: micro-meteorology controls the surface temperature, active layer thicknesses are directly related to aspect and ranged from <2 m to nearly 6 m, and that thin accumulations of snow and open fractures are cooling factors. Thermal profiles empirically demonstrated the coexistence within a single rock peak of warm and cold permafrost (about −1.5 to −4.5 °C at 10 m depth) and the resulting lateral heat fluxes. Our results also extended current knowledge of the effect of snow, in that we found similar thermo-insulation effects as reported for gentle mountain areas. Thick snow warms shaded areas, and may reduce active layer refreezing in winter and delay its thawing in summer. However, thick snow thermo-insulation has little effect compared to the high albedo of snow which leads to cooler conditions at the rock surface in areas exposed to the sun. A consistent inflection in the thermal profiles reflected the cooling effect of an open fracture in the bedrock, which appeared to act as a thermal cutoff in the sub-surface thermal regime. Our field data are the first to be obtained from an Alpine permafrost site where borehole temperatures are below −4 °C, and represent a first step towards the development of strategies to investigate poorly known aspects in steep bedrock permafrost such as the effects of snow cover and fractures.
Highlights
The last few decades have seen an increase in rockfall activity from steep, high-altitude rock walls in the Mont Blanc Massif (Western European Alps) (Ravanel and Deline, 2010; Deline et al, 2012)
We calculated annual Surface Offset (SO) (ASO), using mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and mean annual ground surface temperature (MAGST), and seasonal SOs (SSO) from seasonal means for winter (December to February), spring, summer and fall, using time series measured at depths of 0.3 m and 0.1 m (E1, S1, W1, N1) – points we considered representative of surface conditions
A monitoring network installed on the Aiguille du Midi (AdM) to investigate the thermal effects of topography, snow cover and fractures on permafrost provided 8 years of rock surface temperature and 4 years of borehole temperature data
Summary
The last few decades have seen an increase in rockfall activity from steep, high-altitude rock walls in the Mont Blanc Massif (Western European Alps) (Ravanel and Deline, 2010; Deline et al, 2012). As part of our research into geomorphic activity in the Mont Blanc Massif, in 2005 we started a long-term permafrost-monitoring programme at the Aiguille du Midi (AdM), currently the highest instrumented bedrock permafrost site in the European Alps (3842 m a.s.l). This monitoring program was designed to characterize and determine the thermal state of the permafrost and active layer, and to collect temperature data under variable snow-cover and structural conditions that could be used to calibrate and validate high-resolution numerical experiments on permafrost thermal processes. Research and provide new empirical evidence for the effects of snow and fractures on permafrost in steep rock walls
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