Thermal case study and generated vortices by dipole magnetic field in hybridized nanofluid flowing: Alternating direction implicit solution

Abstract

A vortex is a location in a fluid where the flow revolves around an axis line, which may be flat or curved. Researchers must look at vortices whenever and wherever they are found since they are present in natural systems. The purpose of this investigation is to present an understanding of how the nanofluid flow (driven by an external mechanism) interacts with the magnetic field produced by a nearby paced magnetic source. While most of the scientific literature is enriched with investigations dealing with the problems assuming a uniform magnetic field occupying the flow field, the current analysis is devoted to studying the complex interaction of the spatially varying magneto force with the nanofluid flow. We have noticed that the magnetic field has caused the evolution of new vortices (which are very important while analyzing any flow model due to their importance in interpreting fluid mixing and mass transport phenomena) in the flow field, thus adding much more significance to our work. The single-phase model (SPM) has been used to describe the hybrid nanofluid whereas the numerical solution to the governing differential equations has been obtained by employing an algorithm based on the central difference discretization and the alternating direction implicit method. The governing factors for the current examination are the Reynolds number, the magneto variable, and the volumetric concentration of the nanoparticles, with the ranges, considered being 1≤Re≤150, 0≤Mn≤150 and 0≤ϕ≤0.2, respectively. The analysis reveals that the Nusselt number (Nu) steepens noticeably at the enclosure's upper left corner. 20% increment in nanoparticle volume fraction may result in up to 72% boost in the Nusselt quantity whilst causing an up to 33% decrease in skin friction. Furthermore, compared to copper, iron oxide nanoparticles are shown to be more dependent on drag force. The flow field is dominated by two almost similar main vortices while there is no magnetic source, but as the magnetic source gets stronger, the bottom vortex gets stronger. It enlarges and constricts the top vortex, breaking it down while creating two new, weaker vortices. As it produces three vortices at comparatively lower values of the pertinent parameters, the Reynolds number functions as a catalyst for the action of the magneto force variable. Finally, the Nusselt quantity and frictional factor both significantly alter once the nanostructure is incorporated into the base fluid.