Thermal behaviour of Cu–Mg–Mn and Ni–Mg–Mn layered double hydroxides and characterization of formed oxides

Abstract

Thermal behaviour of synthetic Cu–Mg–Mn and Ni–Mg–Mn layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with M II/Mg/Mn molar ratio of 1:1:1 was studied in the temperature range 200–1100 °C by thermal analysis (TG/DTA/EGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and voltammetry of microparticles. Powder XRD patterns of prepared LDHs showed characteristic hydrotalcite-like phases, but further phases were indirectly found as admixtures. The Cu–Mg–Mn precipitate was decomposed at temperatures up to ca. 200 °C to form an XRD-amorphous mixture of oxides. The crystallization of CuO (tenorite) and a spinel type mixed oxide of varying composition Cu x Mg y Mn z O 4 with Mn 4+ was detected at 300–500 °C. At high temperatures (900–1000 °C), tenorite disappeared and a consecutive crystallization of 2CuO·MgO (gueggonite) was observed. The high-temperature transformation of oxide phases led to a formation of Cu I oxides accompanied by oxygen evolution. The DTA curve of Ni–Mg–Mn sample exhibited two endothermic effects characteristic for hydrotalcite-like compounds. The first one with minimum at 190 °C can be ascribed to a loss of interlayer water, the second one with minimum at 305 °C to the sample decomposition. Heating of the Ni–Mg–Mn sample at 300 °C led to the onset of crystallization of oxide phases identified as Ni x Mg y Mn z O 4 spinel, (Ni,Mg)O oxide containing Mn 4+ cations, and easily reducible XRD-amorphous species, probably free Mn III,IV oxides. At 600 °C (Raman spectroscopy) and 700 °C (XRD), the (Ni,Mg) 6MnO 8 oxide with murdochite structure together with spinel phase were detected. Only spinel and (Ni,Mg)O were found after heating at 900 °C and higher temperatures. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) profiles of calcined Cu–Mg–Mn samples exhibited a single reduction peak with maximum around 250 °C. The highest H 2 consumption was observed for the sample calcined at 800 °C. The reduction of Ni–Mg–Mn samples proceeded by a more complex way and the TPR profiles reflected the phase composition changing depending on the calcination temperature.