Thermal behaviour of a small spider (Araneae : Araneidae : Araneinae) on horizontal webs in semi-arid Western Australia

Abstract

The solar orientation response of a small spider (gen. nov.: Araneae: Araneidae: Araneinae) is examined at a semi-arid location in tropical Western Australia. The spiders rest beneath horizontal dome-shaped webs close to the ground surface on spinifex (Triodia sp.). The spiders are small (c. 5 mm long) and robust, being only twice as long as wide. Spider orientation, elevation, wind velocity, radiation and wet and dry bulb temperatures together with spider and egg-sac temperatures were measured throughout the day. The spiders orientated their long axis to the solar azimuth through much of the day and postured to the solar elevation; in so doing they tracked the apparent movement of the sun throughout the day with considerable precision, far exceeding that of other spiders studied. Stepwise regression indicated that the solar position was the most important environmental factor associated with the posturing and orientation. The variance in the orientation of the population was associated with a suite of environmental variables related to wind velocity and temperature. Spider (abdominal) temperature had a curvilinear relationship with ambient temperature, with a plateau at c. 35° C, whereas egg-sac temperature had a strictly linear relationship with ambient temperature. Stepwise regression indicates that both the spider and egg-sac temperatures are related mainly to net radiation and ambient temperature. The spiders can alter the incident radiation to which they are exposed by c. 2.2 times which represent the limits of the exposed silhouette area between full dorsal sunlight and the posterior (or anterior) aspect. Under hot conditions the spiders posture and orientate such that the long axis of the body is orientated abdomen towards the sun.